TY  - BOOK
AU  - Zheng,Hongfei
TI  - Solar energy desalination technology
SN  - 9780128054116 (pbk.)
AV  - TD479 .Z54 2017
U1  - 628.16725 23
PY  - 2017///
CY  - Amsterdam, Netherlands
PB  - Elsevier
KW  - Saline water conversion
N1  - Includes bibliographical references and index; Machine generated contents note; ch. 1; General Problems in Sea water Desalination --; 1.1; Fresh Water Resource Shortage and Its Solutions --; 1.2; Composition and Properties of Seawater --; 1.3; Summary of General Seawater Desalination Methods --; 1.3.1; Distillation --; 1.3.2; Freezing Method --; 1.3.3; Electrodialysis --; 1.3.4; Reverse Osmosis --; 1.3.5; Solvent Extraction --; 1.3.6; Hydrate Method --; 1.3.7; Ion-Exchange Method --; 1.3.8; Absorption Method --; 1.3.9; Air Humidification and Dehumidification Method --; 1.3.10; Membrane Distillation --; 1.3.11; Forward Osmosis --; 1.4; The Historical Evolution of the Solar Energy Seawater Desalination --; 1.5; The Classification and Development of Solar Desalination Technology --; 1.5.1; The Classification of Solar Energy Seawater Devices --; 1.5.2; Thermal Method Solar Energy Seawater Desalination Technology --; 1.5.3; Membrane Method Solar Energy Seawater Desalination Technology --; 1.5.4; Combination of Thermal and Membrane Method --; 1.5.5; Solar System Combined With Traditional Desalination Device --; 1.5.6; Solar Energy Power-Desalting Cogeneration Technology --; 1.5.7; The Main Solar Desalination Systems Operating in the World --; 1.6; Facing Problems and Development Direction of Solar Desalination --; 1.6.1; Facing Problems of Conventional Solar Distillation Technology --; 1.6.2; Development Direction of Solar Desalination --; References --; ch. 2; Solar Energy Utilization and Its Collection Devices --; 2.1; Solar Radiation Energy --; 2.1.1; The Sun and Its Energy --; 2.1.2; Solar Constant --; 2.1.3; Variation in Extraterrestrial Radiation --; 2.1.4; Attenuation of Solar Radiation in Atmosphere --; 2.1.5; Spectral Distribution of Extraterrestrial Radiation --; 2.2; Catalog of Solar Collectors and Their Fundamental Technologies --; 2.3; Flat-Plate Solar Collector --; 2.3.1; Structure of Flat-Plate Solar Collector --; 2.3.2; Performance Parameters of Flat-Plate Solar Collector --; 2.3.3; Heat Loss Coefficient of Flat-Plate Solar Collector --; 2.3.4; Factors Influencing the Efficiency of a Flat-Plate Solar Collector --; 2.3.5; Choice of the Flat-Plate Solar Collector --; 2.4; Vacuum Tube Solar Collector --; 2.4.1; All-Glass Vacuum Tube Solar Collector --; 2.4.2; Metal-Glass Vacuum Tube Solar Collectors --; 2.4.3; Modules of Vacuum Solar Collector --; 2.5; Solar Pond --; 2.5.1; Basic Concept of Solar Ponds --; 2.5.2; Basic Structure of Solar Ponds and Basic Conditions to Maintain Stability --; 2.5.3; Solar Pond Liquid and Absorption of Solar Radiation at Pond Bottom --; 2.5.4; Thermal Efficiency of Solar Pond and Its Characteristics in Steady State and Transient State --; 2.5.5; Combination of Solar Pond and Seawater Desalination --; 2.6; Concentrating Solar Collector and Its Characteristics --; 2.6.1; Focusing Solar Collector System --; 2.6.2; Basic Structure of Concentrating Solar Collector --; 2.6.3; Influence of Concentration Ratio on System Collecting Temperature --; 2.6.4; Thermal Efficiency of Solar Concentration System --; 2.7; Nonimagining Concentrator --; 2.7.1; Structural Characteristics of Compound Parabolic Concentrators --; 2.7.2; Orientation of Compound Parabolic Concentrator and Its Received Energy --; 2.8; Paraboloid Solar Concentrator --; 2.8.1; Dish Paraboloid Concentrator System --; 2.8.2; Trough Paraboloid Solar Concentrator --; 2.9; Array Fresnel Lens Reflective Concentration System --; 2.9.1; Structure of Array Fresnel Lens Reflective Concentration System --; 2.9.2; Structure and Choice of Receiver --; 2.10; Transmission-Type Line-Focus Fresnel Solar Concentrator --; 2.10.1; Concentration Principle of Fresnel Lens --; 2.10.2; Optical Loss of Fresnel Lens --; 2.10.3; Concentration Ratio of Fresnel Lens --; 2.10.4; Curve-Shaped Fresnel Lens --; 2.10.5; Fresnel Lens Used for Solar Energy Field --; 2.11; Tower Solar Concentration System --; 2.11.1; Working Principle of Tower Solar Concentrator --; 2.11.2; Heliostats for Tower Solar Concentration System --; 2.11.3; Central Receiver for Tower Solar Concentration System --; 2.11.4; Heat Storage System of Tower Solar Power Generation --; 2.11.5; Optical and Thermal Efficiencies of Tower Solar Concentration System --; 2.12; Compound Solar Concentrator With Multiple Surfaces and Multiple Elements --; 2.12.1; Introduction --; 2.12.2; Compound Solar Concentrator With Multiple Elements and Multiple Surfaces --; References --; ch. 3; Fundamental Relationships of Heat and Mass Transfer in Solar Seawater Desalination Systems --; 3.1; Physical Properties and State Parameters of Moist Air --; 3.1.1; Physical Properties of Moist Air --; 3.1.2; State Parameters of Moist Air --; 3.2; Psychrometric Chart and the Basic Thermodynamic Process of Moist Air --; 3.2.1; Psychrometric Chart (h-d Diagram) --; 3.2.2; Basic Thermodynamic Process of Moist Air --; 3.3; Heat and Moisture Transfer in Direct Contact Between Air and Water --; 3.3.1; Heat and Moisture Transfer Between Air and Water --; 3.3.2; Phase Change in Direct Contact Between Air and Water --; 3.3.3; Lewis Relationship and Its Application --; 3.4; Water Vapor Generation Under Constant Pressure --; 3.4.1; Three Stages of Water Vapor Generation Under Constant Pressure --; 3.4.2; Table of Thermodynamic Properties for Steam (Steam Table) --; 3.5; Liquid Boiling Under Constant Pressure --; 3.5.1; Pool Boiling --; 3.5.2; Heat Transfer Coefficient of Convective Boiling in Tubes --; 3.5.3; The Influence of Surface Roughness --; 3.5.4; Factors Affecting Heat Transfer of Liquid Boiling --; 3.6; Condensation of Water Vapor Under Constant Pressure --; 3.6.1; Heat Transfer of Film-Wise Condensation on Vertical Plate --; 3.6.2; Film Condensation Outside the Horizontal Tube --; 3.6.3; Film Condensation Inside the Horizontal Tube --; 3.6.4; Dropwise Condensation --; 3.6.5; Analysis of the Factors Influencing Condensation Heat Transfer --; 3.7; Falling Film Evaporation of Water Under Constant Pressure --; 3.7.1; Falling Film Evaporation on Vertical Plate --; 3.7.2; Falling Film Evaporation on the Horizontal Tube --; 3.7.3; Falling Film Evaporation in Vertical Tube --; 3.8; Enhancement of Falling Film Evaporation and Condensation --; 3.9; Heat Transfer on Plate and Tube Wall in Convective Boundary Layer --; 3.10; Heat Exchangers and Heat Transfer Rate Calculations --; 3.10.1; Heat Exchanger Types --; 3.10.2; Heat Transfer Rate Calculation --; 3.10.3; The Log Mean Temperature Difference of the Heat Exchangers --; 3.11; Theoretical Power Consumption in Desalination and Minimum Heat Consumption in Distillation --; 3.12; The Perfect Distillation Process Driven by Solar Collector --; 3.12.1; Perfect Single-Effect Solar Distillation Process --; 3.12.2; Single-Effect Ideal Distillation Process Directly Heated by Solar Collector --; 3.12.3; Single-Effect Ideal Distillation Process With Collector Supplying Energy by Generating Electricity --; 3.12.4; The Finite Time Thermodynamic Process of Solar Distillation --; 3.12.5; Comparison of Several Operation Modes --; 3.13; The Performance Evaluation of Solar Desalination System --; 3.13.1; The Efficiency of Solar Desalination System --; 3.13.2; Gain Output Ratio and Performance Ratio of Solar Desalination System --; 3.13.3; Energy Recovery Ratio of Solar Desalination System --; References --; ch. 4; Traditional Solar Desalination Units --; 4.1; Operating Principle of Basin Type Solar Stills --; 4.2; Performance Analysis of Basin Type Solar Stills --; 4.3; Performance Coefficient of Solar Still --; 4.4; Determination of the Natural Convection Coefficient hc in the Still --; 4.4.1; Natural Convective Heat Transfer in the Still and Correction of Gr --; 4.4.2; Heat Transfer by Evaporation --; 4.4.3; Radiation Heat Transfer --; 4.4.4; The Determination of Natural Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient --; 4.4.5; A New Group of Relations Forecasting Water Production --; 4.4.6; Experimental Verification of the Theoretical Relations --; 4.5; Operation of Basin Type Solar Stills Under Actual Weather Conditions --; 4.5.1; Daily Operation Situation of Basin Type Solar Stills --; 4.5.2; The Whole-Year Operation of Basin Type Solar Stills --; 4.5.3; Influence of Other Parameters on the Performance of Basin Type Solar Stills --; 4.6; Multistage Basin Type Solar Stills --; 4.7; Basin Type Solar Stills With Outer Condenser --; 4.8; Basin Type Solar Stills With Porous Absorbent Material --; 4.9; Concentrating Type Passive Solar Stills --; 4.10; Inclined Type Solar Still --; 4.11; Other Shaped Passive Solar Stills --; 4.11.1; Simple Emergency Distiller --; 4.11.2; Solar Still Combined With Green House --; 4.11.3; Distiller With Transparent Film as the Cover --; 4.11.4; Spherical Solar Still --; 4.11.5; Integral Molding Plastic Solar Still --; 4.12; The Main Shortages and Improvement Direction of Basin Type Solar Stills --; 4.12.1; Three Main Shortages --; 4.12.2; The Maximum Efficiency of the Basin Solar Still --; 4.12.3; Energy Gain and Loss of Each Component of Solar Stills --; References --; ch. 5; Active Solar Distiller --; 5.1; The Basin-Type Solar Still Driven by Flat-Plate Solar Collectors --; 5.1.1; Performance Analyses of the Device --; 5.1.2; Experimental Operation of the Device --; 5.2; The Active Basin-Type Solar Still With Glass Cover Cooling --; 5.3; The Active Basin-Type Solar Still With Thermal Energy Storage Tank --; 5.4; The Basin-Type Solar Still With Active Outer Condenser --; 5.5; The Basin-Type Solar Still With Actively Recovering Latent Heat Outer Condenser --; 5.6; Multieffect Basin-Type Solar Still Combined With Solar Collectors; Note continued; 5.7; Multieffect Basin-Type Solar Still Heated Actively by Solar Collectors --; 5.8; Multistage Stacked Tray Solar Still With Enhanced Condensing Faces --; 5.8.1; The Transient Performance of the Device --; 5.8.2; The Relationship of Productivity and Operation Temperature --; 5.8.3; Steady-State Performance of the Device --; 5.8.4; The Relationship of the Operation Temperature and Input Power --; 5.8.5; Conclusions --; 5.9; Multistage Stacked Tray Solar Still Driven by Double Heat Sources --; 5.9.1; Characteristics and Operating Principle of the Solar Still --; 5.9.2; Experiment Results With Steady Heating --; 5.9.3; The Relationship Between Water Production Rate and Temperature --; 5.9.4; Performance Coefficient of the Device --; 5.9.5; Experiment Under Actual Weather Conditions --; 5.9.6; Conclusions --; 5.10; Tubular Solar Desalination Device --; 5.10.1; Single-Effect Tubular Distiller --; 5.10.2; Two-Effect Tubular Distiller --; 5.10.3; Experiment With a Three-Effect Device --; 5.10.4; Performance Comparison of Three-Effect Devices --; 5.10.5; The Performance of a Tubular Still Under Negative Pressure --; 5.10.6; Experiments With Different Gas Media --; 5.10.7; Conclusions --; 5.11; Multieffect Concentric Vertical Tube Solar Still --; 5.11.1; The Structure and Operational Principle of the Device --; 5.11.2; Results and Discussion --; 5.11.3; Conclusions --; 5.12; The Solar Distiller With Single-Stage Falling Film Evaporation and Condensation --; 5.13; The Solar Distiller With Multiple-Stages Falling Film Evaporation and Condensation --; 5.14; The Solar Distiller Enhanced by Power --; 5.14.1; Basin Solar Distiller With a Water-Cooled Condenser Outside --; 5.14.2; Focus Solar Still of Small Vacuum Strengthened Evaporation --; 5.15; A Multieffect Thermal Regeneration Solar Desalination Unit With Horizontal Tube Falling Film Evaporation and Closed Circulation --; 5.15.1; Operational Principle of the Experimental Unit --; 5.15.2; Description of the Experimental Unit --; 5.15.3; The Performance of the Unit --; 5.15.4; The Unit Operating Under Practical Weather Conditions --; 5.15.5; Conclusions --; 5.16; A Self-Storing Water Vertical Plate Solar Distiller --; 5.17; Solar Water Desalination Using an Air Bubble Column Humidifier --; 5.17.1; Introduction --; 5.17.2; Experimental Setup and Efficiency Calculation --; 5.17.3; Results and Discussion --; 5.17.4; Conclusion --; 5.18; Theoretical Analysis of a Vertical Multiple-Effect Diffusion Solar Still Coupled With a Tilted Wick Still --; 5.18.1; Vertical Multiple-Effect Diffusion Solar Still Coupled With a Tilted Wick Still --; 5.18.2; Results and Discussion --; 5.18.3; Conclusions --; References --; ch. 6; Humidification -- Dehumidification Solar Desalination Systems --; 6.1; The Principle and Category of Humidification -- Dehumidification Solar Desalination Systems --; 6.2; Process Description of Humidification -- Dehumidification (HD) Desalination --; 6.2.1; The Operation and Evaluation Methods of HD Desalination System --; 6.2.2; Energy Analysis of HD Desalination System --; 6.3; Performance Optimization by Pinch Technology --; 6.3.1; Single Effect System Optimization --; 6.3.2; Multieffect System Optimization --; 6.3.3; Comparisons --; 6.4; The Minimum Work Required for a Solar HDD Process --; 6.4.1; An Ideal Humidification -- Dehumidification Desalination (HDD) --; 6.4.2; The Minimum Work Required for the Dehumidification Process --; 6.4.3; The Minimum Work Required for Evaporation of Seawater --; 6.4.4; The Maximum GOR of the Solar HDD System --; 6.4.5; Conclusions --; 6.5; Heating Water Type Solar HDD System --; 6.6; Heating Air Type Solar HDD Systems --; 6.7; Solar Water and Air Heating Compound HDD System --; 6.8; Multieffect Humidification -- Dehumidification Solar Desalination System --; 6.9; A Closed Circulation Solar Still With Enhanced Falling Film Evaporation and AirFlow Absorption --; 6.9.1; The Energy and Mass Balance in the Closed Circulation Solar Still --; 6.9.2; Operation Principle of the Closed Circulation Solar Still --; 6.9.3; Description of the Experimental Unit --; 6.9.4; Results and Discussion --; 6.9.5; System Operating Under the Practical Weather --; 6.9.6; Heat and Mass Transfer Analysis of the System --; 6.9.7; Conclusions and Discussions --; 6.10; Tandem Multieffect Isothermal Heating Solar Desalination System Based on the Humidification -- Dehumidification Processes --; 6.10.1; Description of the Experimental Setup and the Working Principle --; 6.10.2; Results and Discussion --; 6.10.3; Conclusions --; 6.11; Other Typical Air Humidification -- Dehumidification Solar Desalination Systems --; 6.11.1; Tower Type Air Humidification -- Dehumidification Solar Distiller --; 6.11.2; Humidification -- Dehumidification Solar Desalination System With Falling Film Evaporation --; 6.11.3; Experiment of the System --; References --; ch. 7; Solar Desalination System Combined With Conventional Technologies --; 7.1; Multistage Flash Solar Desalination System --; 7.1.1; The Flash Principle and Technology --; 7.1.2; Solar Desalination With Multistage Flash Processes --; 7.2; Multieffect Solar Distillation System --; 7.2.1; The Principle of Multieffect Distillation --; 7.2.2; The Classification of the Multieffect Distillation Technological Process --; 7.2.3; The Classification of Multieffect Distillation Equipment --; 7.2.4; The Temperature Difference Between the Effects and the Factor Influencing Effect Number --; 7.2.5; Process Conditions --; 7.2.6; The Advantages and Disadvantages of Multieffect Distillation --; 7.2.7; The Experimental Operation of a Multieffect Solar Distillation System --; 7.3; Solar Vapor Compression Desalination System --; 7.3.1; Compression Distillation Principle --; 7.3.2; Compression Distillation Processes --; 7.3.3; Main Operation Modes of Compression Distillation --; 7.3.4; Advantages and Disadvantages of Compression Distillation --; 7.3.5; Solar Compression Distillation Experiments --; 7.4; Desalination Using the Partial Pressure Difference Between Freshwater and Seawater --; 7.5; Horizontal Tube Falling Film Evaporation and Multieffect Recover Solar Desalination System --; 7.5.1; Experiment Device and Operation Principle --; 7.5.2; Experimental Results and Analysis --; 7.5.3; System Operating Under Actual Weather --; 7.5.4; Conclusions --; 7.6; Low-Temperature Multieffect Desalination System Together With Solar Pond --; 7.7; Reverse Osmosis Desalination System Driven by Solar Photovoltaic Panel --; 7.8; Reverse Osmosis Desalination System Driven by Solar PV/T Device --; 7.9; Reverse Osmosis Desalination System Driven by Solar Power Cycle System --; 7.10; Large-Scale Solar Desalination by Combination With Concentrated Solar Power: Concept and Analysis --; References --; ch. 8; Absorption and Adsorption Solar Desalination System --; 8.1; Features and Performance of Absorption and Adsorption Working Substance --; 8.2; Solar Absorption Desalination System --; 8.3; The Solar Absorption System Integrated With Industrial Seawater Desalination --; 8.3.1; Single-Effect Solar Absorption Desalination System --; 8.3.2; Multiple-Effect Solar Absorption Seawater Desalination System --; 8.4; Practical Test and Evaluation of a Multiple-Effect Solar Absorption Seawater Desalination System --; 8.4.1; Structure of Experimental Facilities --; 8.4.2; Working Principles of Experimental Facilities --; 8.4.3; Results and Analysis of the Experiment --; 8.4.4; Simulation Calculation During the Heating of Solar Collector --; 8.5; Adsorption Solar Seawater Desalination System --; 8.6; Solar Absorption System Combined With Industrial Seawater Desalination Technology --; 8.6.1; Single-Effect Solar Adsorption Desalination System --; 8.6.2; Multiple-Effect Solar Adsorption Desalination System --; References --; ch. 9; Solar Concentrating Directly to Drive Desalination Technologies --; 9.1; Introduction --; 9.1.1; Challenges in Solar Desalination Technology --; 9.1.2; A New Way to Solve These Problems --; 9.2; Concentrated Light-Driven Solar Desalination System --; 9.2.1; Solar Desalination Systems Directly Driven by Dish Concentrator --; 9.2.2; The Solar Desalination System Directly Driven by Linear Fresnel Lens Concentrator --; 9.2.3; The Solar Desalination System Directly Driven by Tower Concentrator --; 9.3; Floating Solar Desalination Film --; 9.4; The Enhanced Methods of Concentrating Direct Heating Seawater for Evaporation --; 9.4.1; General Rules of Sunlight Transmission in Seawater --; 9.4.2; Adding Black Particles as Absorbers in Water --; 9.4.3; Absorption Enhancement by Colored Water --; 9.4.4; Adding the Black Columns or Plates in Water as the Receivers --; References --; ch. 10; The Benefit Evaluation and Material Selecting --; 10.1; The Economic Feasibility of Solar Desalination System --; 10.2; The Economic Evaluation Method of Solar Desalination System --; 10.2.1; Timeliness of Funds --; 10.2.2; Economic Analysis of an Installed Solar Desalination System --; 10.2.3; Case Calculation of Two Actual Systems --; 10.2.4; Economic Analysis of the Solar Desalination System Under Site Selection State --; 10.2.5; System Scale Influence on the Fresh Water Cost --; 10.2.6; Multiple-Factor Analysis of the Fresh Water Cost --; 10.3; The Material Selecting of Solar Desalination System --; 10.3.1; Corrosion of Metals Caused by Seawater --; 10.3.2; The Influence Factors of Seawater Corroding Metallic Materials --; 10.3.3; Heat Conductivity Influence on the Material Selection --; 10.3.4; Other Performance of Metals' Influence on Material Selection --; References
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